How Diabetes Mellitus Medications Work

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels, resulting from impaired insulin secretion or action. The primary goal of medication therapy is to restore normal glucose metabolism and prevent complications.

Gold Standard: Metformin

Metformin, the gold standard for treating type 2 diabetes, works by:

• Inhibiting hepatic glucose production, reducing blood glucose levels

• Improving insulin sensitivity, enhancing glucose uptake in muscles

Alternatives and Combinations

When metformin is insufficient or contraindicated, alternative medications can be used:

• Sulfonylureas: Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells

• Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): Improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues

• DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: Enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reduce glucagon levels

These medications can be used alone or in combination to achieve optimal glycemic control, depending on individual patient needs and response.